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Diagnosis and Staging
Diagnosis
Staging
Stages of Cervical Cancer
Diagnosis. Cervical cancer can only be conclusively diagnosed through a biopsy, which consists of removing and microscopically examining a tissue sample from the affected area. These samples can be taken through several techniques:
- Conization or Cone Biopsy. In this biopsy technique a cone-shaped piece of tissue is removed from the cervix and cervical canal and then examined by our pathologist.
- Colposcopy. A colposcope (a magnifying scope) is used to view the vagina and cervix for abnormalities. A speculum is placed in the vagina in order to visualize the cervix. Vinegar is applied to the cervix, making the abnormal tissue turn white. Abnormal blood vessels can also be seen with this technique. Our pathologist then takes a tissue sample of these areas for further study.
- Endocervical Curettage. Often done along with a colposcopy, a physician uses a curette (small, spoon-shaped instrument) to collect tissue from the cervical canal.
Stages of Cervical Cancer. The general stages of cervical cancer are:
- Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ). Cancer is contained within the first layer of cells lining the cervix.
- Stage I. Cancer is limited to the cervix.
- Stage II. Cancer has spread beyond the cervix but not to the pelvic wall or lower third of the vagina.
- Stage III. Cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina and/or pelvic wall.
- Stage IV. Cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum and/or beyond.